THE BRAIN AND ITS SOCIETY

A human brain has approximately 86 billion nerve cells, not counting the enteric nervous system, the so-called "abdominal brain," and the nerve tracts that run through the body. Knowledge of the importance of neural pathways and the brain is closely linked to the discovery of electricity at the end of the 18th century and has revolutionized the image of the human being. However, until a few decades ago, this area was a kind of "terra incognita", even though there have been repeated attempts to locate human assets in the brain. Between 1990-2000 and 2000 -2010, brain research became a priority in the USA and then in Europe. In these "decades of the brain", the knowledge of the brain and nervous system expanded enormously. Among other things, it became apparent that the brain changes throughout life, depending on how it is used. For example, there is a link between physical movement and mental performance. The discovered feedbacks between physical and mental activities prove that the Cartesian separation between mind and matter needs to be reconsidered. Surprising results included research on meditation practices and their influence on mental well-being, as well as social setting (example: Tanja Singer's research). Also, there seems to be an influence of brain activities on epigenetics and thus on keeping the body healthy and on heredity.

Interested in this knowledge are not only doctors and health sector, but also military and industry. It is about improving health, but also about better "performance" in conflict situations and greater efficiency and creativity. The fact that it is possible to influence or change the nervous system with the help of digital techniques is hopeful for the sick - for example, blind people who can "see" again with the help of complicated devices - but also for the military, since sensors implanted in the brain can also be used for transmitting information. Cognitive science is investigating these areas. The ethical questions raised by these developments must be clearly posed so that answers can be sought.

The Dürnstein symposium aims to highlight the opportunities and problems of this new research for the individual and society.

Curator: Ursula Baatz
Organizer: Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich m.b.H.